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This was true especially in rural areas and among unmarried working-class White women, married immigrant women, and women of color.
Middle-class women relied on the labor of working-class women, including European immigrants in the Northeast, Mexican Americans in the Southwest, and African Americans in the South, to get this work done.
For example, Annette Lareau's research on the interconnections between families and social institutions has highlighted the way that institutions, like schools and health care, operate by using a middle-class logic that privileges middle- and upper-class families and disadvantages working-class and lower-class families who are less adept at negotiating these assumptions.
These competing ideologies put parents in a bind, especially working-class single parents like the mother in South Carolina.
Children living on small farms throughout the country and in working-class families in urban areas continued to contribute to the family economy throughout the 19th century.،Some films, such as William Wyler's The Best Years of Our Lives, released right after World War II, romanticized working-class and middle-class laborers and soldiers, making their lives seem honorable, noble, and iconic.
The nineteenth-century public sphere he described was only available to white bourgeois men, and scholars have pointed out that the exclusion of women, people of color, noncitizens, and working-class people is what makes possible this way of conceiving the public.
Oskar Negt and Alexander Kluge argue that the public sphere imagined by Habermas needs to be reconceived as a working-class ("proletarian") public sphere and that the model of the nineteenth-century European bourgeois public sphere had been too easily transformed into fascism, as it was in Germany in the 1930S.
Theorists such as Fraser suggest that we can envision many publics that overlap and work in tension with each other: working-class publics, religious publics, feminist publics, and so forth.
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